In terms of types, there are more than 20 types of collagen in the human body. Different types of collagen differ in their molecular structure and immunological characteristics. They can be classified into three types according to tissues:
The first type: Type I-III interstitial collagen, which is mainly found in tissues such as skin and tendons. It is the collagen between cells and has strong tensile properties. Among them, type II collagen is produced by malignant bone cells.
The second type: basement membrane collagen has type IV-&#; glue glands as basement membrane collagen, which mainly exists in the organs.
The third category: Cartilage collagen has types IX-XI, which are related to the formation of cartilage with trace collagen in cartilage.
From the structural point of view, the molecular structure of collagen is unique. In the electron microscope, it can be seen that the three molecules present a helical structure and have multiple types. The amino acid composition of the collagen peptide chain is unique. The content of glycine is one third, proline and hydroxyproline. Amino acids account for 10% each. Hydroxyproline is only found in collagen in animal tissues. The collagen conversion rate in skin is generally slow. Children&#;s skin is mainly type III, and adult skin is mainly type I. As we age, cross-linked tendons increase, and collagen fibers become tighter, which is related to skin aging and stiffness, so the skin appears to be loose.
From the perspective of the biological function of collagen, collagen has the highest content in the extracellular matrix (skin), and has the highest rigidity and tensile strength. It is the skeletal structure in the extracellular matrix. In addition, other components in the extracellular matrix can be combined with collagen. Combination constitutes a unity of structure and function. At the same time, various types of collagen have a certain selectivity when combined with extracellular matrix components.
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Recent studies in vertebrate model systems, from fishes to mammals and in human patients, have revealed complex and diverse loss-of-function phenotypes associated with mutations in components of the secretory machinery. A broad spectrum of diseases from skeletal and cardiovascular to neurological deficits have been linked to ECM trafficking. These discoveries have directly challenged the prevailing view of secretion as an essential but monolithic process. Here, we will discuss the latest findings on mechanisms of ECM trafficking in vertebrates.
Cellular life depends on protein transport and membrane traffic. In multicellular organisms, membrane traffic is required for extracellular matrix deposition, cell adhesion, growth factor release, and receptor signaling, which are collectively required to integrate the development and physiology of tissues and organs. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that govern cargo and membrane flow presents a prime challenge in cell biology. Extracellular matrix (ECM) secretion remains poorly understood, although given its essential roles in the regulation of cell migration, differentiation, and survival, ECM secretion mechanisms are likely to be tightly controlled.
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Here we will discuss cargo- and tissue-specific functions of the COPII machinery, post-translational modifications, phosphorylation and ubiquitylation of COPII proteins, and the effects they have on vesicle biogenesis. In addition we will discuss auxiliary proteins such as cargo receptors and guide proteins that were shown to assist in loading of ECM macromolecules into vesicular carriers. Finally, one of the most intriguing unanswered questions in regulation of secretion is transcriptional control of the secretory machinery. Most coat genes are ubiquitously expressed but are enriched in specific tissues at defined developmental time points or in pathological conditions. However, little is known about transcriptional control of secretion with only a single factor of the OASIS family, Creb3L2, implicated in the process so far.
Many of the additional COPII paralogs seem to be specific to vertebrates and might be associated with unique functions that are essential for vertebrate development, including organ structures that are supported by diverse types of basement membranes and an internal skeleton primarily composed of mineralized ECM of cartilage and bone ( Braasch and Postlethwait, , Forster et al., , Norum et al., ). Thus it is not surprising that many loss-of-function mutations in the trafficking machinery components result in skeletal dysmorphology.
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